一 简介
1 字符串判断
str1 = str2 当两个串有相同内容、长度时为真
str1 != str2 当串str1和str2不等时为真 -n str1 当串的长度大于0时为真(串非空) -z str1 当串的长度为0时为真(空串) str1 当串str1为非空时为真\ > \ < 比较大小的时候 可以使用大于号,小于号,但是需转义。例如 [ "2006.01.23" \> "2005.03.01" ] && echo dayu || echo budayu
2 数字的判断
int1 -eq int2 两数相等为真
int1 -ne int2 两数不等为真 int1 -gt int2 int1大于int2为真 int1 -ge int2 int1大于等于int2为真 int1 -lt int2 int1小于int2为真 int1 -le int2 int1小于等于int2为真3 文件的判断
-r file 用户可读为真
-w file 用户可写为真 -x file 用户可执行为真 -f file 文件为正规文件为真 -d file 文件为目录为真 -c file 文件为字符特殊文件为真 -b file 文件为块特殊文件为真 -s file 文件大小非0时为真 -t file 当文件描述符(默认为1)指定的设备为终端时为真3 复杂逻辑判断
-a 与
-o 或 ! 非4字符串匹配
if [ `echo $str | grep -e regexp` ];then .
转自:
比较两个字符串是否相等的办法是:
if [ "$test"x = "test"x ]; then
这里的关键有几点:
1 使用单个等号
2 注意到等号两边各有一个空格:这是unix shell的要求
3 注意到"$test"x最后的x,这是特意安排的,因为当$test为空的时候,上面的表达式就变成了x = testx,显然是不相等的。而如果没有这个x,表达式就会报错:[: =: unary operator expected
二元比较操作符,比较变量或者比较数字.注意数字与字符串的区别.
整数比较 需要注意的是 要么使用[]和gt组合 要么使用大于号和双括号组合
-eq 等于,如:if [ "$a" -eq "$b" ]
-ne 不等于,如:if [ "$a" -ne "$b" ]
-gt 大于,如:if [ "$a" -gt "$b" ]
-ge 大于等于,如:if [ "$a" -ge "$b" ]
-lt 小于,如:if [ "$a" -lt "$b" ]
-le 小于等于,如:if [ "$a" -le "$b" ]
大于(需要双括号),如:(("$a" > "$b"))
>= 大于等于(需要双括号),如:(("$a" >= "$b"))
小数据比较可使用AWK
字符串比较
= 等于,如:if [ "$a" = "$b" ]
== 等于,如:if [ "$a" == "$b" ],与=等价
注意:==的功能在[[]]和[]中的行为是不同的,如下:
1 [[ $a == z* ]] # 如果$a以"z"开头(模式匹配)那么将为true
2 [[ $a == "z*" ]] # 如果$a等于z*(字符匹配),那么结果为true
3
4 [ $a == z* ] # File globbing 和word splitting将会发生
5 [ "$a" == "z*" ] # 如果$a等于z*(字符匹配),那么结果为true
一点解释,关于File globbing是一种关于文件的速记法,比如"*.c"就是,再如~也是.
但是file globbing并不是严格的正则表达式,虽然绝大多数情况下结构比较像.
!= 不等于,如:if [ "$a" != "$b" ]
这个操作符将在[[]]结构中使用模式匹配.
大于,在ASCII字母顺序下.如:
if [[ "$a" > "$b" ]]
if [ "$a" \> "$b" ]
注意:在[]结构中">"需要被转义.
具体参考Example 26-11来查看这个操作符应用的例子.
-z 字符串为"null".就是长度为0.
-n 字符串不为"null"
注意:
使用-n在[]结构中必须要用""把变量引起来.使用一个未被""的字符串来使用! -z
或者就是未用""引用的字符串本身,放到[]结构中。虽然一般情况下可
以工作,但这是不安全的.习惯于使用""来测试字符串是一种好习惯.
if判断式
if [ 条件判断一 ] && (||) [ 条件判断二 ]; thenelif [ 条件判断三 ] && (||) [ 条件判断四 ]; thenelse 执行第三段內容程式fi例如:
if 使用的表达式
if 条件then Commandelse Commandfi 别忘了这个结尾 |
If语句忘了结尾fitest.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi |
ifcommandthenif 函数then | 命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配) |
if [ expression_r_r_r ]then | 表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then |
if test expression_r_r_rthen | 表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then |
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors" |
&& 可以理解为then 如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句 |
shell if | c语言if |
0为真,走then | 正好相反,非0走then |
不支持整数变量直接if必须:if [ i –ne 0 ]但支持字符串变量直接ifif [ str ] 如果字符串非0 | 支持变量直接ifif (i ) |
echo –n “input:”read userif多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null who -u | grep $userthen 上边的指令都执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then echo "$user has logged"else 指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else echo "$user has not logged"fi |
# sh test.shinput : macgmacg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100)macg has logged # sh test.shinput : dddddd has not logged |
if以函数作为if条件,getynthen 函数reture值0为真,走thenecho " your answer is yes"else 函数return值非0为假,走elseecho "your anser is no"fi |
$ vi testsh.sh#!/bin/shifcat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1thenecho foundelseecho "no found"fi | $ vi testsh.sh#!/bin/shcat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1if [ $? -eq 0 ]thenecho $?echo foundelseecho $?echo "no found"fi |
$ sh testsh.shno found | $ sh testsh.sh1no found |
$ vi 111-tmp.txtthat is 222filethisting1 is 111file$ sh testsh.shthisting1 is 111filefound | $ vi 111-tmp.txtthat is 222filethisting1 is 111file$ sh testsh.shthisting1 is 111file0found |
- 文件表达式
- 整数变量表达式
- 字符串变量表达式
if [ a = b ] ;then echo equalelseecho no equalfi |
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:5input b:5no equal (等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b) |
if [ $a = $b ] ;then echo equalelseecho no equalfi |
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:5input b:5equal |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.shecho -n "input your choice:"read varif [ $var -eq "yes" ]thenecho $varfi[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.shinput your choice:ytest.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected 期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串 |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.shecho "input a:"read aecho "input is $a"if [ $a = 123 ] ; thenecho equal123fi |
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:123input is 123equal123 |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.shecho "input your choice:"read varif [ $var="yes" ]thenecho $varecho "input is correct"elseecho $varecho "input error"fi | [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.shecho "input your choice:"read varif [ $var = "yes" ] 在等号两边加空格thenecho $varecho "input is correct"elseecho $varecho "input error"fi |
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:yyinput is correct[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:n ninput is correct 输错了也走then,都走then,为什么?因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else | [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:yyinput error[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:no noinput error一切正常 |
echo "input your choice:"read ANSif [ $ANS ]thenecho no emptyelseecho empthfi |
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice: 回车 empth 说明“回车”就是空串[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:34no empty |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.shecho "input a:"read aif [ $a -ge 100 ] ; thenecho 3bitelseecho 2bitfi |
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:1233bit[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:202bit |
if test $a ge 100 ; then[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shtest.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected |
if test $a -ge 100 ; then[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:1233bit |
- 表达式与前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
- 逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列
- 注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了
[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh:echo "input the num:"read numecho "input is $num"if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 如果变量$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num目录存在thenJHHOME=$HOME/$num 则赋值fiecho "JHHOME is $JHHOME" |
-----------------------[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.shinput the num:pppinput is pppJHHOME is目录-d $HOME/$num 不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值 |
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.shinput the num:pppinput is pppJHHOME is /home/macg/ppp |
echo "input your choice:"read ANSif [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]thenANS="y"elseANS="n"fiecho $ANS |
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:ny[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:noy为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then)因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而变量又为空,所以走else了 |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.shecho "input your choice:"read ANS echo "input your choice:"read ANSif [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]thenANS="y"elseANS="n"fiecho $ANS |
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:non[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:yesy[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:yy |
[macg@machome ~]$ man test[(1) User Commands [(1)SYNOPSIS test EXPRESSION [ EXPRESSION ] [-n] STRING the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0条件 -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists 文件存在 -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件 -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -w FILE FILE exists and is writable -x FILEFILE exists and is executable |
&& 如果是“前面”,则“后面”[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉 |
|| 如果不是“前面”,则后面[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退出 |
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